.. _toolchain-roadmap:

Toolchain Roadmap
=================

The use of the SciPy library requires (or optionally depends upon) several
other libraries in order to operate, the main dependencies being Python
and NumPy. It requires a larger collection of libraries and tools in order
to build the library or to build the documentation.

Of course, the tooling and libraries are themselves not static.
This document aims to provide a guide as to how SciPy's use of
these dynamic dependencies will proceed over time.

SciPy aims to be compatible with a number of releases of its dependent
libraries and tools. Forcing the user base to other components for upgrade
for every release would greatly diminish the value of SciPy. However,
maintaining backwards compatibility with very old tooling/libraries
imposes limitations on which newer functionalities and capabilities
can be incorporated.
SciPy takes a somewhat conservative approach, maintaining compatibility with
several major releases of Python and NumPy on the major platforms.
(That may in and of itself impose further restrictions. See the C Compilers
section for an example.)


- First and foremost, SciPy is a Python project, hence it requires a Python environment.
- BLAS and LAPACK numerical libraries need to be installed.
- Compilers for C, C++, Fortran code are needed, as well as for Cython & Pythran (the latter is opt-out currently)
- The Python environment needs the ``NumPy`` package to be installed.
- Testing requires the ``pytest`` and ``hypothesis`` Python packages.
- Building the documentation requires the ``matplotlib``, Sphinx and MyST-NB_ packages along with PyData theme.

.. _MyST-NB: https://myst-nb.readthedocs.io/

The tooling used to build CPython has some implications for the tooling used
in building SciPy.
It also has implications for the examples used in the
documentation (e.g., docstrings for functions),
as these examples can only use functionality present in all supported configurations.


Building SciPy
--------------

Python Versions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

SciPy is compatible with several versions of Python.  When dropping support for
older Python versions, SciPy takes guidance from NEP 29 [1]_.  Python 2.7
support was dropped starting from SciPy 1.3.

================  =======================================================================
 Date             Pythons supported
================  =======================================================================
 2018              Py2.7, Py3.4+ (SciPy 1.2.x is the last release to support Python 2.7)
 2019              Py3.5+ (but Py2.7-specific code not removed)
 2020              Py3.6+ (removal of Py2.7-specific code permitted)
 2021              Py3.7+
 2022              Py3.8+
================  =======================================================================

NumPy
^^^^^

SciPy depends on NumPy but releases of SciPy are not tied to releases of NumPy.
SciPy attempts to be compatible with at least the 4 previous releases of NumPy.
In particular, SciPy cannot rely on features of just the latest NumPy, but
needs to be written using what is common in all of those 4 releases [2]_.

The table shows the NumPy versions suitable for each major Python version.

=================  ========================    =======================
 SciPy version      Python versions             NumPy versions
=================  ========================    =======================
 1.2                2.7, >=3.4, <=3.7           >=1.8.2, <= 1.16.x
 1.4                >=3.5, <=3.8                >=1.13.3, <= 1.17.3
 1.5                >=3.6, <=3.9                >=1.14.5, <= 1.19.3
 1.6                >=3.7, <=3.9                >=1.16.5, <= 1.20.x
 1.7.0/1            >=3.7, <3.10                >=1.16.5, <1.23.0
 1.7.2/3            >=3.7, <3.11                >=1.16.5, <1.23.0
 1.8                >=3.8, <3.11                >=1.17.3, <1.24.0
 1.9.0/1            >=3.8, <3.12                >=1.18.5, <1.25.0
 1.9.2              >=3.8, <3.12                >=1.18.5, <1.26.0
 1.10               >=3.8, <3.12                >=1.19.5, <1.26.0
 1.11               >=3.9, <3.12                >=1.21.6, <1.27.0
 1.12               >=3.9, <3.13                >=1.22.4, <2.0.0
=================  ========================    =======================

In specific cases, such as a particular architecture, these requirements
could vary. Please check the release notes [3]_ and the meta-package
``oldest-supported-numpy`` for more info [4]_.


Compilers
^^^^^^^^^

Building SciPy requires compilers for C, C++, Fortran, as well as the
python transpilers Cython and Pythran (the latter is an opt-out dependency
starting from version 1.7.0).

To maintain compatibility with a large number of platforms & setups, especially
where using the official wheels (or other distribution channels like Anaconda
or conda-forge) is not possible, SciPy tries to keep compatibility with older
compilers, on platforms that have not yet reached their official end-of-life.

As explained in more detail below, the current minimal compiler versions are:

==========  ===========================  ===============================  ============================
 Compiler    Default Platform (tested)    Secondary Platform (untested)    Minimal Version
==========  ===========================  ===============================  ============================
 GCC         Linux                        AIX, Alpine Linux, OSX           GCC 8.x
 LLVM        OSX                          Linux, FreeBSD, Windows          LLVM 10.x
 MSVC        Windows                      -                                Visual Studio 2019 (vc142)
==========  ===========================  ===============================  ============================

Note that the lower bound for LLVM is not enforced. Older versions should
work - as long as they support core (non-stdlib) C++17 -, but no version
below LLVM 12 is tested regularly during development. Please file an issue
if you encounter a problem during compilation.

Official Builds
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Currently, SciPy wheels are being built as follows:

================    ==============================   ==============================   =============================
 Platform            CI Base Images [5]_ [6]_ [7]_    Compilers                        Comment
================    ==============================   ==============================   =============================
Linux x86            ``ubuntu-22.04``                 GCC 10.2.1                       ``cibuildwheel``
Linux arm            ``docker-builder-arm64``         GCC 11.3.0                       ``cibuildwheel``
OSX x86_64           ``macOS-11``                     clang-13/gfortran 11.3.0         ``cibuildwheel``
OSX arm64            ``macos-14``                     clang-15.0.0/gfortran 13.2.0     ``cibuildwheel``
Windows              ``windows-2019``                 GCC 10.3 (rtools)                ``cibuildwheel``
================    ==============================   ==============================   =============================

Note that the OSX wheels additionally vendor gfortran 11.3.0 for x86_64,
and gfortran 13.2.0 for arm64. See ``tools/wheels/cibw_before_build_macos.sh``.


C Compilers
~~~~~~~~~~~

SciPy is compatible with most modern C compilers (in particular ``clang``).
Nowadays, there is reasonable support for recent C language standards across
all relevant compilers, though this is very different from how things used to
be. The following paragraphs primarily discuss the evolution of these
constraints; readers who do not care about historical context can skip ahead
to the table at the end.

In the past, the most restrictive compiler on relevant platform in terms
of C support was the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler & toolset (together known
as MSVC) [8]_ [9]_. Up until Visual Studio 2013, each MSVC version came with
an updated C Runtime (CRT) library that was incompatible with the previous
ones.

This lack of compatibility of the Application Binary Interface (ABI) meant
that all projects wanting to communicate across this interface (e.g. calling a
function from a shared library) needed to be (re)compiled with the same MSVC
version. The long support of CPython 2.7 meant that python itself was stuck
for a long time with VS 2008 (in order not to break the ABI in patch
releases), and thus SciPy was stuck on that version as well.

The use of VS 2008 (which doesn't have support for C99) to compile builds for
CPython 2.7 meant for a long time that C code in SciPy has had to conform
to the earlier C90 standard for the language and standard library. After
dropping support for CPython 2.7 in SciPy 1.3.x, that restriction was finally
lifted (though only gradually at first).

With the introduction of the "Universal C Runtime" (UCRT) [10]_ since the
release of Visual Studio 2015, the ABI of C Runtime has been stable, which
means that the restriction of having to use the same compiler version for
SciPy as for the underlying CPython version is no longer applicable. This
stability is not indefinite though: Microsoft has been planning [11]_ an
ABI-breaking release - across the compiler resp. C/C++ standard libraries -
(tentatively called "vNext") for quite a while, but so far it is unclear
when this will arrive. Once that happens, SciPy will again be restricted to
at most the last ABI-compatible Visual Studio release (currently VS 2022)
until all CPython versions supported according to NEP29 have been built
upstream with vNext-compatible compilers.

More specifically, there is a distinction between the Microsoft Visual
Studio version and the version of the targeted "toolset", which is defined
[12]_ as "The Microsoft C++ compiler, linker, standard libraries, and related
utilities". Each version of Visual Studio comes with a default version of the
MSVC toolset (for example VS2017 with vc141, VS2019 with vc142), but it is
possible to target older toolsets even in newer versions of Visual Studio.
Due to the nature of compilers (i.e. split into frontend and backend), it
depends whether the limiting factor for supporting a given feature (e.g. in C)
is due to the version of Visual Studio or the toolset, but in general the
latter is a harder barrier and thus the effective lower bound.

This is due to the fact that while the ABI stays compatible between toolset
versions (until vNext), all linking operations must use a toolset at least
as new as the one used to build any of the involved artefacts, meaning that
toolset version bumps tend to be "infectious", as in: requiring all consuming
libraries to also bump their toolset (and probably compiler) version. This is
more of an issue for NumPy than SciPy, as the latter has only a small C API
and is compiled against by far fewer projects than NumPy. Additionally, using
a newer toolset means that users of libraries that compile C++ code (as SciPy
does) might also need a newer Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable, which
might have to be distributed to them [13]_.

Summing up, the minimal requirement for the MSVC compiler resp. toolset per
SciPy version was determined predominantly by the oldest supported CPython
version at the time. The first SciPy version to raise the minimal requirement
beyond that was SciPy 1.9, due to the inclusion of the HiGHS submodule, which
does not compile with vc141 (and the aggressive removal of VS2017 in public CI
making it infeasible to keep ensuring that everything everywhere works with
non-default toolset versions).

==============  =================  =================  =================
SciPy version    CPython support    MS Visual C++      Toolset version
==============  =================  =================  =================
 Until 1.2       2.7 & 3.4+         VS 2008 (9.0)      vc90
 1.3, 1.4        3.5+               VS 2010 (10.0)     vc100
 1.5             3.6+               VS 2015 (14.0)     vc140
 1.6, 1.7        3.7+               VS 2017 (14.1)     vc141
 1.8             3.8+               VS 2017 (14.1)     vc141
 1.9             3.8+               VS 2019 (14.20)    vc142
==============  =================  =================  =================

In terms of C language standards, it's relevant to note that C11 has optional
features [14]_ (e.g. atomics, threading), some of which (VLAs & complex types)
were mandatory in the C99 standard. C17 (occasionally called C18) can be
considered a bug fix for C11, so generally, C11 may be skipped entirely.

SciPy has been restricted in the use of more advanced language features by the
available compiler support, and Microsoft in particular has taken very long to
achieve conformance to C99/C11/C17, however starting from MS Visual Studio 16.8,
C11/C17 is supported [15]_ (though without the C11 optional features).
C99 ``<complex.h>`` would be particularly interesting for SciPy;
MSVC conformance for this and ``<stdatomic.h>`` is being tracked here [16]_ [17]_.
However, it's still possible to use complex types on windows, provided that
windows-specific types are used [18]_.

Therefore, using C features beyond C90 was only possible insofar there was support on
Windows; however, as of as of the end of 2021, a sufficiently recent compiler is used.
This is because GCC & LLVM support all relevant C11 features with the oldest currently
used versions, and C17 is just a bugfix for C11, as mentioned above. In short:

================  =======================================================================
 Date              C Standard
================  =======================================================================
 <= 2018           C90
 2019              C90 for old code, may consider C99 for new
 2020              C99 (no ``<complex.h>``, ``<stdatomic.h>``, ``<threads.h>`` & VLAs)
 2021              C17 (no ``<complex.h>``, ``<stdatomic.h>``, ``<threads.h>`` & VLAs)
 ?                 C23, ``<complex.h>``, ``<stdatomic.h>``, ...
================  =======================================================================


C++ Language Standards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

C++ language standards for SciPy are generally guidelines
rather than official decisions. This is particularly true of
attempting to predict adoption timelines for newer standards.

================  =======================================================================
 Date              C++ Standard
================  =======================================================================
 <= 2019           C++03
 2020              C++11
 2021              C++14
 2022              C++17 (core language + universally available stdlib features)
 ?                 C++17 (with full stdlib), C++20, C++23
================  =======================================================================

Since dropping support for Python 2.7, C++11 can be used
universally, and since dropping Python 3.6, the Visual Studio version
(that had previously been stuck with 14.0 due to ABI compatibility with
CPython) has been recent enough to support even C++17.

Since the official builds (see above) use a pretty recent version of LLVM,
the bottleneck for C++ support is therefore the oldest supported GCC version,
where SciPy has been constrained mainly by the version in the oldest supported
manylinux versions & images [19]_.

At the end of 2021 (with the final removal of ``manylinux1`` wheels), the
minimal requirement of GCC moved to 6.3, which has full C++14 support [20]_.
This corresponded to the lowest-present GCC version in relevant manylinux
versions, though this was still considering the Debian-based "outlier"
``manylinux_2_24``, which - in contrast to previous manylinux images based on
RHEL-derivative CentOS that could benefit from the ABI-compatible GCC backports
in the "RHEL Dev Toolset" - was stuck with GCC 6.3. That image failed to take
off not least due to those outdated compilers [21]_ and reached its EOL in
mid-2022 [22]_. For different reasons, ``manylinux2010`` also reached its EOL
around the same time [23]_.

The remaining images ``manylinux2014`` and ``manylinux_2_28`` currently support
GCC 10 and 11, respectively. The latter will continue to receive updates as new
GCC versions become available as backports, but the former will likely not
change since the CentOS project is not responsive anymore about publishing
aarch64 backports of GCC 11 [24]_.

This leaves all the main platforms and their compilers with comparatively
recent versions. However, SciPy has historically also endeavored to support
less common platforms as well - if not with binary artefacts (i.e. wheels),
then at least by remaining compilable from source - which includes for example
AIX, Alpine Linux and FreeBSD.

For AIX 7.1 & 7.2 the default compiler is GCC 8 (AIX 6.1 had its EOL in 2017),
but GCC 10 is installable (side-by-side) [25]_.
The oldest currently-supported Alpine Linux release is 3.12 [26]_, and already
comes with GCC 10.
For FreeBSD, the oldest currently-supported 12.x release [27]_ comes with
LLVM 10 (and GCC 10 is available as a freebsd-port [28]_).

Finally there is the question of which machines are widely used by people
needing to compile SciPy from source for other reasons (e.g. SciPy developers,
or people wanting to compile for themselves for performance reasons).
The oldest relevant distributions (without RHEL-style backports) are Ubuntu
18.04 LTS (which has GCC 7 but also has a backport of GCC 8; Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
has GCC 9) and Debian Buster (with GCC 8; Bullseye has GCC 10).
This is the weakest restriction for determining the lower bounds of compiler
support (power users and developers can be expected to keep their systems at
least somewhat up-to-date, or use backports where available), and gradually
becomes less important as usage numbers of old distributions dwindle.

All the currently lowest-supported compiler versions (GCC 8, LLVM 12,
VS2019 with vc142) have full support for the C++17 *core language*,
which can therefore be used unconditionally.
However, as of mid-2022, support for the entirety of the C++17 standard library
has not yet been completed across all compilers [20]_, particularly LLVM.
It is therefore necessary to check if a given stdlib-feature is supported by
all compilers before it can be used in SciPy.
Compiler support for C++20 and C++23 is still under heavy development [20]_.

Fortran Compilers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Generally, any well-maintained compiler is likely suitable and can be
used to build SciPy.

======== ==================
 Tool     Version
======== ==================
gfortran   >= 4.8.0
ifort     A recent version
flang     A recent version
======== ==================


Cython & Pythran
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SciPy always requires a recent Cython compiler. Since 1.7, Pythran
is a build dependency (currently with the possibility to opt out).


OpenMP support
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

For various reasons [29]_, SciPy cannot be distributed with built-in OpenMP support.
When using the optional Pythran support, OpenMP-enabled parallel code can be
generated when building from source.

Other Libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Any library conforming to the BLAS/LAPACK interface may be used.
OpenBLAS, ATLAS, MKL, BLIS, and reference Netlib libraries are known to work.

=============== =====================================================
 Library           Minimum version
=============== =====================================================
LAPACK           3.7.1
BLAS             A recent version of OpenBLAS, MKL or ATLAS.
                 The Accelerate BLAS library is no longer supported.
=============== =====================================================


There are some additional optional dependencies.

=============== ======== ==========================================
 Library        Version   URL
=============== ======== ==========================================
mpmath          Recent    http://mpmath.org/
scikit-umfpack  Recent    https://pypi.org/project/scikit-umfpack/
pooch           Recent    https://pypi.org/project/pooch/
=============== ======== ==========================================


Moreover, SciPy supports interaction with other libraries. The test suite
has additional compatibility tests that are run when these are installed:

=========================  ========  ====================================
 Tool                      Version    URL
=========================  ========  ====================================
pydata/sparse              Recent     https://github.com/pydata/sparse/
=========================  ========  ====================================


Testing and Benchmarking
--------------------------

Testing and benchmarking require recent versions of:

=========================  ========  ====================================
 Tool                      Version    URL
=========================  ========  ====================================
pytest                     Recent     https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
Hypothesis                 Recent     https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/
asv (airspeed velocity)    Recent     https://asv.readthedocs.io/
=========================  ========  ====================================


Building the Documentation
--------------------------

====================  =================================================
 Tool                 Version
====================  =================================================
Sphinx                Whatever recent versions work. >= 5.0.
PyData Sphinx theme   Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.15.2.
Sphinx-Design         Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.4.0.
numpydoc              Whatever recent versions work. >= 1.5.0.
matplotlib            Generally suggest >= 3.5.
MyST-NB               Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.17.1
jupyterlite-sphinx    Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.12.0
====================  =================================================

.. note::

    Developer Note: The versions of ``numpy`` and ``matplotlib`` required have
    implications for the examples in Python docstrings.
    Examples must be able to be executed both in the environment used to
    build the documentation,
    as well as with any supported versions of ``numpy/matplotlib`` that
    a user may use with this release of SciPy.


Packaging
---------

A Recent version of:

=============  ========  =============================================
 Tool          Version    URL
=============  ========  =============================================
setuptools     Recent     https://pypi.org/project/setuptools/
wheel          Recent     https://pythonwheels.com
multibuild     Recent     https://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild
=============  ========  =============================================

:ref:`making-a-release` and :ref:`distributing-a-release` contain information on
making and distributing a SciPy release.

References
----------

.. [1] https://numpy.org/neps/nep-0029-deprecation_policy.html
.. [2] https://numpy.org/doc/stable/release.html
.. [3] https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/release.html
.. [4] https://github.com/scipy/oldest-supported-numpy
.. [5] https://github.com/actions/runner-images
.. [6] https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/docker-builder-vm/#under-the-hood
.. [7] https://github.com/orgs/cirruslabs/packages?tab=packages&q=macos
.. [8] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/overview/visual-cpp-in-visual-studio
.. [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B#Internal_version_numbering
.. [10] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/cpp/windows/universal-crt-deployment
.. [11] https://github.com/microsoft/STL/issues/169
.. [12] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/projects-and-build-systems-cpp#the-msvc-toolset
.. [13] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/windows/latest-supported-vc-redist
.. [14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11_%28C_standard_revision%29#Optional_features
.. [15] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/overview/visual-cpp-language-conformance#c-standard-library-features-1
.. [16] https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/t/714008
.. [17] https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/t/1204057
.. [18] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/complex-math-support
.. [19] https://github.com/mayeut/pep600_compliance
.. [20] https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
.. [21] https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1012
.. [22] https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1332
.. [23] https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1281
.. [24] https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1266
.. [25] https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/aix-toolbox-open-source-software-downloads-alpha#G
.. [26] https://alpinelinux.org/releases/
.. [27] https://www.freebsd.org/releases/
.. [28] https://www.freebsd.org/status/report-2021-04-2021-06/gcc/
.. [29] https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/10239
