[section:students_t_dist Students t Distribution]

``#include <boost/math/distributions/students_t.hpp>``

   namespace boost{ namespace math{

   template <class RealType = double,
             class ``__Policy``   = ``__policy_class`` >
   class students_t_distribution;

   typedef students_t_distribution<> students_t;

   template <class RealType, class ``__Policy``>
   class students_t_distribution
   {
      typedef RealType value_type;
      typedef Policy   policy_type;

      // Constructor:
      students_t_distribution(const RealType& v);

      // Accessor:
      RealType degrees_of_freedom()const;

      // degrees of freedom estimation:
      static RealType find_degrees_of_freedom(
         RealType difference_from_mean,
         RealType alpha,
         RealType beta,
         RealType sd,
         RealType hint = 100);
   };

   }} // namespaces

Student's t-distribution is a statistical distribution published by William Gosset in 1908.
His employer, Guinness Breweries, required him to publish under a
pseudonym (possibly to hide that they were using statistics to improve beer quality),
so he chose "Student".

Given N independent measurements, let

[equation students_t_dist]

where /M/ is the population mean, [mu] is the sample mean, and /s/ is the sample variance.

[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution Student's t-distribution]
is defined as the distribution of the random
variable t which is  - very loosely - the "best" that we can do while not
knowing the true standard deviation of the sample.  It has the PDF:

[equation students_t_ref1]

The Student's t-distribution takes a single parameter: the number of
degrees of freedom of the sample. When the degrees of freedom is
/one/ then this distribution is the same as the Cauchy-distribution.
As the number of degrees of freedom tends towards infinity, then this
distribution approaches the normal-distribution.  The following graph
illustrates how the PDF varies with the degrees of freedom [nu]:

[graph students_t_pdf]

[h4 Member Functions]

   students_t_distribution(const RealType& v);

Constructs a Student's t-distribution with /v/ degrees of freedom.

Requires /v/ > 0, including infinity (if RealType permits),
otherwise calls __domain_error.  Note that
non-integral degrees of freedom are supported,
and are meaningful under certain circumstances.

   RealType degrees_of_freedom()const;

returns the number of degrees of freedom of this distribution.

   static RealType find_degrees_of_freedom(
      RealType difference_from_mean,
      RealType alpha,
      RealType beta,
      RealType sd,
      RealType hint = 100);

returns the number of degrees of freedom required to observe a significant
result in the Student's t test when the mean differs from the "true"
mean by /difference_from_mean/.

[variablelist
[[difference_from_mean][The difference between the true mean and the sample mean
                        that we wish to show is significant.]]
[[alpha][The maximum acceptable probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
        when it is in fact true.]]
[[beta][The maximum acceptable probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis
        when it is in fact false.]]
[[sd][The sample standard deviation.]]
[[hint][A hint for the location to start looking for the result, a good choice for this
      would be the sample size of a previous borderline Student's t test.]]
]

[note
Remember that for a two-sided test, you must divide alpha by two
before calling this function.]

For more information on this function see the
[@http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc222.htm
NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook].

[h4 Non-member Accessors]

All the [link math_toolkit.dist_ref.nmp usual non-member accessor functions] that are generic to all
distributions are supported: __usual_accessors.

The domain of the random variable is \[-[infin], +[infin]\].

[h4 Examples]

Various [link math_toolkit.stat_tut.weg.st_eg worked examples] are available illustrating the use of the Student's t
distribution.

[h4 Accuracy]

The normal distribution is implemented in terms of the
[link math_toolkit.sf_beta.ibeta_function incomplete beta function]
and [link math_toolkit.sf_beta.ibeta_inv_function its inverses],
refer to accuracy data on those functions for more information.

[h4 Implementation]

In the following table /v/ is the degrees of freedom of the distribution,
/t/ is the random variate, /p/ is the probability and /q = 1-p/.

[table
[[Function][Implementation Notes]]
[[pdf][Using the relation: [role serif_italic pdf = (v \/ (v + t[super 2]))[super (1+v)\/2 ] / (sqrt(v) * __beta(v\/2, 0.5))] ]]
[[cdf][Using the relations:

[role serif_italic p = 1 - z /iff t > 0/]

[role serif_italic p = z     /otherwise/]

where z is given by:

__ibeta(v \/ 2, 0.5, v \/ (v + t[super 2])) \/ 2 ['iff v < 2t[super 2]]

__ibetac(0.5, v \/ 2, t[super 2 ] / (v + t[super 2]) \/ 2   /otherwise/]]
[[cdf complement][Using the relation: q = cdf(-t) ]]
[[quantile][Using the relation: [role serif_italic t = sign(p - 0.5) * sqrt(v * y \/ x)]

where:

[role serif_italic x = __ibeta_inv(v \/ 2, 0.5, 2 * min(p, q)) ]

[role serif_italic y = 1 - x]

The quantities /x/ and /y/ are both returned by __ibeta_inv
without the subtraction implied above.]]
[[quantile from the complement][Using the relation: t = -quantile(q)]]
[[mode][0]]
[[mean][0]]
[[variance][if (v > 2) v \/ (v - 2) else NaN]]
[[skewness][if (v > 3) 0 else NaN ]]
[[kurtosis][if (v > 4) 3 * (v - 2) \/ (v - 4) else NaN]]
[[kurtosis excess][if (v > 4) 6 \/ (df - 4) else NaN]]
]

If the moment index /k/ is less than /v/, then the moment is undefined.
Evaluating the moment will throw a __domain_error unless ignored by a policy,
when it will return `std::numeric_limits<>::quiet_NaN();`

[h5:implementation Implementation]

(By popular demand, we now support infinite argument and random deviate.
But we have not implemented the return of infinity
as suggested by [@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution Wikipedia Student's t],
instead throwing a domain error or return NaN.
See also [@https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/7177].)

[endsect] [/section:students_t_dist Students t]

[/ students_t.qbk
  Copyright 2006, 2012, 2017 John Maddock and Paul A. Bristow.
  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).
]

